The Portrayal of Women in the American Literary Canon

Literature is not simply a reflection of society; it is in actuality much more powerful. Literature draws upon society and creates its own meanings and images. It possesses the power to either nourish or discourage societal values and ideals. Hence, stereotypical views on gender relations in society are reinforced by literary depictions of men and women. The American literary canon is a collection of books that are widely accepted as influential in shaping Western culture. Stereotypes are evident throughout these texts, and often serve to justify the continuance of traditional roles. More specifically, women seem to be the target of cataloguing and other negative depictions. Classic books that are identified as part of the American literary canon tend to portray female characters in a way that emphasizes their inferiority. The depiction of females in classic American literature promotes a stereotypical view of women in American society. The American literary canon presents a one sid ed view of women, due to the dominance of male authors. Classic American books generally present images of women in a male-centered viewpoint, creating a biased representation of women in literature. In â€Å"Feminist Literary Criticism: From Anti-Patriarchy to Decadence,† Anne Barbeau Gardiner states that the American literary canon is â€Å"strikingly narrow†¦prepared by white men whose judgment was prejudiced and whose language was full of gendered meanings.† (Gardiner 395). GardinerShow MoreRelatedThe, The Yellow Wallpaper And Maria Cristina Mena s The Vine Leaf1553 Words   |  7 PagesIn Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and Maria Cristina Mena’s â€Å"The Vine Leaf,† doctors and medical practices have influence over the way we perceive a female’s place in society. The portrayal of these themes are slightly different between the two works, but both provide examples of women in places of inferiority. Th e doctors in Gilman’s account render a woman practically powerless, as the narrator struggles with having a rest cure forced upon her, allowing no intellectual stimulationRead MoreAnalysis Of The Stonewall 1280 Words   |  6 PagesIt was only in 1977 that the term homosexual was removed from the American Psychiatric Association, before that they were treated with aversion therapy as well as electroshock therapy, and on the rare occasion, even lobotomies. †¢ Stonewall is a memorable event in queer history, a two-night stand by 2000 lesbians and gays against the police brutality happening to them during 1969, when they demanded their rights as free American citizens. †¢ They are still marginalized today, since it is almostRead More It’s Time to Include Gays and Lesbians in Our Study of Literature2601 Words   |  11 Pagespolitical power and potential. Indeed, the gay community, and lesbians in particular, have transformed into large and respected forces in American culture. As with any societal group, their cultural contributions have continued to expand and develop along with their newly acquired political finesse, giving the gay community a sense of pride in its artistic and literary achievements. Since education is a primary source of transferring cultural understanding and awareness, it is essential that educationalRead More Music Essay - America Needs Rap and Hip Hop1366 Words   |  6 Pagesrap music dont comprehend is that rap music is a part of our culture, which is impossible to ignore. Although it may be untraditional, it is a very eloquent form of expression that illustrates the conditions and feeling of a vibrant African -Am erican young culture Hip-hop is constantly attacked in the music world. Many music critics argue that rap is not a valid form of music. This attack on rap music isnt only restricted to critics, many people of older generations have similar attitudesRead More Children’s Literature through an Americanized Scope1232 Words   |  5 Pagespoignant to a young student’s education. But multicultural literature is dismal, in regards to works about other places and experiences by non-westerners with a lack of the â€Å"other† and its representations in the western canon. Stewart presents asymmetrical arguments on the two North American authors and their texts as she outlines the strengths and weaknesses that can arise when depicting the non-west by the west. Stewart claims the importance of being conscious of appropriation, authorial ideologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Huckleberry Finn 1970 Words   |  8 PagesThroughout American history, no single word has been associated with suc h extensive torment, misery, and controversy as the word â€Å"nigger.† This word has been a deep concern in American history and culture, and the use of it two hundred nineteen times in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn has caused a mass of debate. Despite critism on its complex and offensive subject matter, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn hold enduring academic value among students and should be taught in American high schoolsRead MoreReview of Virginia Woolfs Shakespeares Sister3106 Words   |  13 Pagesshakespeare’s sister By Gabriel Gyamfi University of Cape Coast Department of English INTRODUCTION Virginia Woolf’s ‘Shakespeare’ Sister’ is the third chapter from her literary essay A Room of One’s Own. In this chapter, which is the essay on Shakespeare’s Sister, she considers the question of why no women writers are represented in the canon of Elizabethan drama. To explore the issue, Woolf invents a fictional and mythical sister, Judith, for William Shakespeare and compares the barriers brothers andRead MoreEssay on 20th Century Latin American Literature3323 Words   |  14 Pages20th Century Latin American Literature Global literatures in English have always played a key role in developing international understanding and appreciation for the social realities and cultural developments beyond Western lifestyles and familiarity. For anthropologists seeking to perceive the social realities of 20th century Latin America, the work of popular authors and novelists of this century is invaluable. Popular authors are the modern mouthpieces of the people and societies who readRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Marsha Norman s The Secret Garden 1922 Words   |  8 PagesDylan Stasack American Theatre and Drama 12/10/14 Final Paper Marsha Norman is no stranger to writing female-centric theatre. From the Tony-nominated The Color Purple, to the Tony Award-winning The Secret Garden, to the Pulitzer Prize-winning ‘night Mother, strong female characters and women’s issues reign supreme among her canon of work. Her 1977 piece Getting Out, the story of a female ex-con released from prison and attempting to rewrite the story of her life, is no exception. In fact, GettingRead More The Forgotten Female in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay3143 Words   |  13 Pageshis treatment of female characters (and, perhaps, in his treatment of women in his own life). It is not fashionable these days to praise the work of Ernest Hemingway, says Frederick Busch. His women too often seem to be projections of male needfulness (1). Many of his stories are seen as prototypical bildungsroman stories--stories, usually, of young men coming of age. There are few, if any, stories in the canon of women coming of age, how ever, and Hemingway is not the first to suffer the

Budgeting Free Essays

We are living on a single income in a world that requires two or more income sources to survive. This culminates into spending more than the earnings made, thus making saving, a prerequisite for investing an unachievable dream. However, a close look justifies that not all people are cramped up with single income sources. We will write a custom essay sample on Budgeting or any similar topic only for you Order Now As discussed in this article, few lucky people have managed to utilize easy money saving tips that have enabled them to save money for investments that guarantee a financially stable future. One of the tips is budgeting, which acts as a guide in controlling what one spends. Outline what you spend on a monthly basis and correlate the spending with the income you earn. Outline a long term plan on what you want to save in a fixed time frame. This will help you determine the amount of money that you should spend or save on a monthly basis. Another tip is cutting one’s spending. To cut on unnecessary spending, you need to change you lifestyle. You can prepare food and eat at home instead of spending a lot of money eating in restaurants. Considering that replacing goods is more expensive, repair them in advance to avoid hefty costs. More so, ensure that you quit vices such as smoking and drinking among others that could incur hefty health costs and increased spending on a long-term or short-term basis. Limiting debts by going for loans with low and flexible interest rates is also another effective money saving tip. Compare different banks’ interest rates for loans and get the bank that offers the best rate. Supposing you have a business, you could try to haggle for the existing loans. For instance, threatening to relocate the business can make lending institutions quite flexible in terms of interest rates and flexibility. This can prevent you from taking unnecessary loans in a bid to repay another high interest loan when the business in not doing well. Besides the above tips, you should detect the slightest opportunities via which you can get what you want without having to spend or incur extra costs. For instance one can join reward programs that give spending point on the purchases made. With time, the spending points might help you get free stuff and save money that you would have incurred while purchasing the stuff. As we can see, money saving tips narrow down to proper budgeting, having long-term goals and a change of lifestyle. One needs to identify money saving opportunities and also opportunities for cutting down the spending. For people who find saving to be quite difficult, they can use financial advisor’s services. However, if you are well endowed with the above easiest saving tips, you can go ahead, save and transform your life. How to cite Budgeting, Papers

Headless Mice free essay sample

Of Headless Mice†¦and Men by Charles Krauthammer 3. But you don’t have to be a genius to see the true utility of manufacturing headless creatures: for their organs-fully formed, perfectly useful, ripe for plundering. 4. Researches found the gene that tells the embryo to produce the head. They delete it. They are thinking of doing this with humans as a future source of organs. They want to convince a skeptical public that it is perfectly ok. The headless clone solves the facsimile problem. It is a gateway to the ultimate vanity: immortality. The deliberate creation of headless humans must be made a crime, indeed a capital crime. 5. Cloning is the technology of narcissism, and nothing satisfies narcissism like immortality. 6. Headless human clones. Just the thought of it seems immoral. To actually think that scientist would want to have a human being somewhat â€Å"alive† kept in some crazy cold room hooked up to machines to keep them breathing, sounds wacky to me. We will write a custom essay sample on Headless Mice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Yet they have already done it to mice and tadpoles, but of course those are just small little animals. The thing that doesn’t make any sense would be to have them just for organ supply. This essay seems too sci-fi for me. To try and harvest organs just so that people could be immortal is very far fetched. To try to switch old organs to new ones really wouldn’t keep you immortal. Because the skin ages, bones get weak and you would have to basically cut your head off and place it on the other body for this to even work. Good luck with that.

Types of Diseases, Treatment and Their Control Methods free essay sample

A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. There are four main types of disease: pathogenic disease, deficiency disease, hereditary disease, and physiological disease. Pathogenic diseases are caused by what is called a pathogen. Pathogens are parasitic organisms that cause disease in their host. For example the pathogen e. coli which can make people ill or kill them. Deficiency diseases are caused by a deficiency of a particular nutrient in the diet. A lack of vitamin c causes scurvy. Hereditary diseases are passed on through generations via their genes, for example sickle cell disease. Physiological diseases are caused by the failure or malfunction of body parts or organs, for example diabetes. Proper sanitation and other disease-avoidance measures, ranging from hand washing to vaccination, as well as taking antibiotics are used in the prevention and treatment of pathogenic diseases. Hereditary diseases are treated by enzyme replacement therapy, medication miglustat, and bone marrow transplantation and gene therapy1 Physiological diseases such as diabetes can be treated by: Diet- a healthy diet is key to controlling blood sugar levels and preventing diabetes complications. We will write a custom essay sample on Types of Diseases, Treatment and Their Control Methods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Exercise-regular exercise can reduce the risk of developing complications of diabetes such as stroke and kidney failure. Hypertension can be treated by: Diet- eating foods low in sugar, starch and salt. Exercise- a regular exercise program may help lower blood pressure over the long term. Bibliography †¢www. Blurtit. com †¢www. Wikipedia. com †¢www. ehow. com †¢ L. Chinnery, J. Glasgow, G. Jones and M. Jones (2001). CXC Biology Third Edition. Cambridge University Press

Globalisation, Scarcity and Opportunity Cost Explained Essays

Globalisation, Scarcity and Opportunity Cost Explained Essays Globalisation, Scarcity and Opportunity Cost Explained Essay Globalisation, Scarcity and Opportunity Cost Explained Essay 1. What dangers do you see from increasing globalisation in a world economy? Globalisation refers to the integration and interdependence of the world economy and can be seen by the fact that communications, media and business spans the world, not just one given economy or even type of economy. Boyes (2011, p. 6) reports that there are now close to 40,000 transnationals companies, and increase of 300% on just 25 years ago, and that these companies make up approximately 33% of all private-sector assets. The world wide economic fact of life is that all over the world, people’s wants appear to be unlimited and exceed the resources available to satisfy those wants. Firms seem to have expanded across country boundaries in an attempt to satisfy those demands for resources and in doing so have fuelled globalisation. Economists study the what (output), the how (techniques of output) and incomes (for whom) across and between countries. In doing so, they have come to find that world production is likely to be geared towards satisfying consumer demand in the countries that have the resources and can pay – the wealthy countries. Dangers don’t just include the generation of products and services just for those that can pay, but also may include a homogenisation of markets, implying that the same products and services will be everywhere and dominate the market to the potential exclusion of local brands and firms. (MacDonald’s on every corner! and therefore consumer choice may be reduced. However, the truth is that even the most global of brands varies its products and services the world over through name changes (such as 7-Up in Shanghai – since it means ‘death by drinking’ in the local dialect) to product adaptations – where some MacDonald’s burgers in Mexico come with chilli peppers. Even the Disney company had to adapt its product in Paris, by selling alcohol amo ng other issues, and continues to do so as it opens up more parks across the globe to meet local and global demands. : The focus may be on international policies to reduce potential barriers to trade and to work towards gaining a greater equality in income distribution – but while it remains unequal (and the big question is how strong the push to create equality really is), is that it is the countries with the buying power that are likely to dictate what and how all manner of goods are produced, priced and distributed. 2. There is a saying in economics – ‘There is no such thing as a free lunch’ What does this mean? This implies that everything has a cost since everything and anything requires the allocation scarce resources. It may be the case that your lunch may well have been paid for by someone else, but you will still have allocated your time to that lunch date, and you may be required to ‘pay’ with another resource such as your advice. In addition, the opportunity cost of taking that lunch over a choice of doing something else is also measured as the value. If you can answer what else are you sacrificing to take this lunch, then that is the value. 3. ‘Students unable to buy food’ i. Explain the problem of scarcity faced by many students attending university today. What are their choices? The existence of limited resources (supply) and unlimited wants (demand) gives rise to the basic economic problem of scarcity. Scarcity implies that choices must be made regarding resources use and allocation. In the case of the students, their lack of funds or lack of time to earn potential funds (as they are spending their productive time studying rather than earning money) implies that the scarce resources in each students’ case is both time and money. The article indicates that their rather stark choice is between earning money or studying the emotive element in this article is that scarcity of money in the students’ case is so bad that it is a pay off between eating and studying. Each student, it seems needs to face a choice of spending time studying, which may result in living on or below the poverty line, or spend some time working (if they can find a job that fits around their studies), knowing that the pay off (or opportunity cost) of that work may result in reduced grades. To summarise the choice is: a) Spend time studying now – and face living on or below the poverty line now, and graduate with greater debts, or b) Allocate some time to earning money – but face a potential reduction in grades. i. What is the opportunity cost of work for many students? Opportunity cost is defined as the alternatives or other opportunities that have to be forgone to achieve a particular thing. The main concept to grasp is that choice involves sacrifice – the sacrifice of alternatives in the production, or consumption of a good/service is known as opportunity cost. In the case of the students’ situation, the opportunity cost to work is the poten tial loss in grades since longer working hours imply less time spent studying. ii. Using the PPF, explain the possibility of poorly funded tertiary education and how that is likely to affect firms in the economy. The Production Possibility Frontier illustrates the microeconomic issues of choice and opportunity cost. It is a graph illustrating a simplified version of reality – shows only the detail required to analyse the problem. It assumes that there are only two choices to allocate resources (supply) and of course assumes ‘ceteris paribus’ (all other things being equal). Tertiary education funding is illustrated in the vertical axis and all other funding for services is illustrated on the horizontal axis. If the economy/country chooses to allocate more funds to all other services in the economy, then it must sacrifice funds towards tertiary education. This sacrifice of all other funding for services is the opportunity cost of supporting one more person in tertiary education. For example in this model, if 500 units are allocated to ‘all other services’, then 300,000 students are able to be supported to participate in tertiary education. The cost of supporting 580 units is a reduction in support for 200,000 tertiary education places, since the PPF indicates that only 100,000 people can be supported in tertiary education. The opportunity cost is therefore 200,000 ‘units’. In this example, the financial support of more units of ‘all other services’, will involve a growing marginal cost since ever increasing amounts funds for tertiary education will have to be sacrificed for each additional unit of ‘all other services’ supported. It is because the opportunity costs increase that the Production Possibility curve is bowed outwards rather than being in a straight line. The only way to improve this scenario is for the economy to allocate more total funds towards services, and in effect shift the curve to the right (as illustrated by the dashed blue line). References: Boyes, W (2011) Managerial Economics Markets and the Firm, Cengage Learning, Mason, OH, USA. Sloman and Norris, (2011) Economics of Competitive Advantage GEC06410 (compiled from: Principles of Economics (2nd Ed)) University of Newcastle, Pearson Australia, Sydney. Tribe, J (1995), The Economics of Leisure and Tourism: Environments, Markets and Impacts, Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd, Oxford, UK. Units/Number of people funded for tertiary education (in 1000s) Units/Number of all other services in the economy (in 1000s) 700 600 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700

10 Famous American Authors and Their Best Essays †Pro-Academic-Writers.com

10 Famous American Authors and Their Best Essays What comes to your mind when you try to recall famous American writers? The country has introduced several unique genres and interesting topics to the world, stressing the important role of revolution in the history of every nation. We have developed the list of 10 famous American authors, including their famous essays and lessons learned from their writing. GET YOUR PERFECT ESSAY NOW Writing is not a piece of cake. If you have troubles with your school or college homework, do not hesitate to contact professional academic writers online! How to Create Powerful Essays: 10 Famous American Writers List! Charles D’Ambrosio Charles D’ambrosio does not specialize in novels or fiction/non-fiction books; he always positioned himself as a short story essay writer. It was his Portland State University's MFA Program in Creative Writing,  which helped one of the famous American writers develop his essential reading writing skills. Oberlin College was his second place of education. D’Ambrosio never gives up studying English Language, Philosophy (discover how a Philosophy degree may be helpful), History, Literature, and other related humanitarian disciplines. If you want to become popular one day to see your essays published in The New Yorker, Orphans, The Stranger, or A Public Space, observe the works written by Charles D’Ambrosio to absorb valuable lessons. We would recommend starting from â€Å"Documents† and â€Å"Loitering† essays. Lessons learned: Loss and hardships are worth writing about. When you focus on things that make people sad (hate, injustice, depression, war, death), the readers would appreciate your short story/essay for stressing the value of life. Point to the importance of past events in the life of every human. Do not hesitate to share your personal notes, essays, and documents (in this context, documents mean diaries and other important outtakes, which reveals the nature of their owners. Do you need more hints? Ask these expert writers from the field of academic, creative, business writing to help by creating an inspiring literary piece! Benjamin Franklin Every second American President was a great artist. In most cases, the representatives of the US government dedicate their free time to sharing American values, customs, traditions through writing manuals. Franklin is not an exception. One of the most famous American authors is a known historical figure – a Co-Founding Father of the United States depicted on $100 banknote. His activities cover a broad range of different fields, including literature, publishing, politics, science, inventions, civic activity, diplomacy, etc. Benjamin Franklin belongs to the category of the famous American writers with democratic views. He did not release many novels or books; Franklin has established a lot of short stories and essays dedicated to the free, independent land. Since 1776, the moods of the American authors changed to more optimistic and confident. The main purpose of Franklin in his essays was to utilize economic benefits and flee oppressive governmental regimes. Do you need the most distinguished works of Franklin? They contain â€Å"Advice on the Choice of a Mistress†,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Art of Procuring Pleasant Dreams,† and â€Å"The Temple of Learning,  The Whistle.† Lessons learned: Democratic sensibility remains a popular thing to discuss. The American nation is an exceptional ethnic group made of every nationality in the world, all possible customs traditions, and based on the equality, justice, and freedom. The Constitution of the United States is a powerful weapon to discuss. The topic of the changing generations will never lose its relevance. Cynthia Ozick After his death, another representative of the most famous American writers living today, David Foster Wallace, was disqualified because he committed suicide and his latest works were full of pessimistic notes. He has listed local authors who could continue his activity. Wallace mentioned Cynthia Ozick among the most budding and promising contemporary writers, capable of continuing his contribution to the literature world. Along with Cormac McCarthy Don DeLillo, the woman is the US best living fiction story author. By today, Cynthia Ozick has published seven essay collections. She created several works of short fiction and inspiring novels. She does not have a certain field of interest. Ozick likes talking about love, hate, life, death, the American nation, future, and other things preferred by the modern famous American writers, but she covers different topics, without limiting her interests. There is one subject we can frequently notice in her stories. Ozick loves the idea of the Jewish American lens. The best essays of all time include her â€Å"Portrait of the  Essay as a Warm Body,† â€Å"The Shawl,† and Envy† on the list, and students can learn the following lessons: The tendency to favor the Jewish American lens instead of attacking it. Creating a short story with the next characteristics: self-consciousness, sharpness, wittiness, clarity, and life wisdom. Don’t be afraid to seem smarter than people around! If you need more examples of great essays to study, the best place to visit is the online writing service, which offers FREE paper samples. Roger Ebert Another interesting man from the list of the famous American authors. Roger Ebert has an ability to criticize other written works and movies fairly brought his world recognition. Ebert specialized on movie directing, cinematography, history of the world and US in particular, journalism, and screenwriting. He worked in Chicago Sun-Times until 2013. Roger Ebert became the first film critic to win the Pulitzer Prize for Criticism. If you have a passion for writing argumentative, persuasive, or critical essays/book reviews, you should find and read the best critical works of Roger Ebert. Watch the popular TV show â€Å"Sneak Previews†. Roger Ebert is different from many contemporary American fellow-writers who focus on the dark sides of our world, often praising the depressive moods. Ebert prefers courage, erudition, humor, and humanism. This enthusiastic writer is capable of reflecting the matter of life death in the most optimistic light. To understand the writer better, read three critical essay collections. The names are â€Å"The Great Movies†Ã‚  (2002),  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Great Movies II†Ã‚  (2005), and  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Great Movies III†Ã‚  (2010); pay attention to his most popular work titled â€Å"Go Gentle into That Good Night.† Lessons learned: Never give up; there is always a way out! Ebert’s works full of life optimism can be described in a known phrase said by John Keating in â€Å"Dead Poets Society:† â€Å"Carpe, carpe diem, seize the day boys, make your lives extraordinary.† It is important to write more critical essays to become interesting to people. Watch more movie to have several inspiring ideas to discuss in your literary works. Try to cover the never-ending topic of death from the different perspective. Never stop praising this life by pointing to its main values! Zadie Smith Hey, how about including a female essay writer from the United Kingdom on our promising list of the contemporary short story novel authors? We believe the woman who appears in the list of 20 most influential people in British culture deserves to appear on our list of famous writers, even though she is not American. British culture had affected the United States for centuries. Her primary achievement, which predetermined Smith’s further faith as an author, was the degree from the New York University’s Creative Writing Program. She became the professor of the University. In the United States, the novel written by Zadie Smith, â€Å"White Teeth,† joined the Time magazine’s list of the 100 best English-language novels created since 1923. Smith is a brave author. She may condemn things like disrespect of literature, treatment of art in the modern world, and criticize authors who do not fulfill their literary obligations. This extraordinary female author prefers writing novels. Her most famous essay is â€Å"Fail Better,† full of the following lessons: Never generalize things with the help of â€Å"all† or similar words – narrow down, take a part of the topic to make up a specific subject. There is no such thing as a perfect novel. A writing style is the result of the unique personality of each writer + the way this person views and understands the world. Avoid clichà © – breathe a new life into your writing! HELP WITH MY WRITING F. Scott Fitzgerald â€Å"And so with the sunshine and the great bursts of leaves growing on the trees, just as things grow in fast movies, I had that familiar conviction that life was beginning over again with the summer.† F. Scott Fitzgerald, â€Å"The Great Gatsby† Who else but The Great Gatsby, a good old fellow who tried to show the world the importance of love, life, and family values, and who was rejected for being too humanistic? Fitzgerald knew how important love is from his personal experience. â€Å"The Great Gatsby† appeared in the result of the feelings one of the most famous American writers shared with the love of his life, Zelda. Fitzgerald blamed the American people for underestimating the beauty of this life. He tried to recall the significant values in his novels, short stories essays. In Hollywood, Fitzgerald did his best. He developed scenarios scripts for the future films. His popular â€Å"Gatsby† has been filmed several times, having the brilliant modern version starring Leo DiCaprio as the last successful attempt to interpret the way Fitzgerald viewed our world. Not all of his works were good; â€Å"Tender Is the Night† did not obtain wide recognition. The author became overwhelmed and depressed during the last years of life. The most known list of his essays includes "The Diamond as Big as the Ritz," "The Curious Case of Benjamin Button," and "The Camel's Back." Lessons Learned: Love is the only thing, which matters in the life of each person. American society is full of snobs who underestimate the role of love, undervalue the significance of friendship, and do not appreciate this life the way they should. Money has no value when you are lonely. Edward Hoagland Another man who wrote several famous essays is Edward Hoagland. He was born in 1932; this enthusiastic young man from New York revealed his passion for reading writing since the early age. He stated he would like to become a world’s known novelist to his parents. The two preferred genres were a novel and a short story; the two favorite topics he discussed were traveling nature. Hoagland did not want to cover dirty, filthy topics, so he decided to focus on describing the beauty of nature instead of discussing the way society changes and its never-ending conflicts. The list of top famous essays written by Edward Hoagland includes â€Å"The Big Cats,† â€Å"The Soul of the Tiger,† â€Å"Why This Extra Violence,† and â€Å"A World Worth Saving and Christmas Observed.† Lessons learned: Focus on depicting the beauty of nature. If you write about the human qualities, develop one short story dedicated to two strongest feelings that make us humans – love friendship. The world is full of violence; avoid going deep into this topic to give people hope. Ernest Hemingway The list of the most famous American authors of all time has a name of Ernest Hemingway no matter which genre of literature is discussed. Teachers do not find his works suitable for the school/college program. Spend some time on reading his top works to learn valuable life writing lessons from this distinguished man with the rich history. He was curious about studying the way people behave under pressure, the way their moods change. Children will misunderstand the words of the author. It is better to start reading his literary works at the teen or grown-up age to understand Hemingway’s main ideas. Hemingway did not focus on the complicated, strange topics. He wrote about the things men love (e.g., bullfighting, fishing, hunting, and friendship). Papa Hemingway’s list of famous essays is made of the following titles: â€Å"The Old Man and the Sea,† â€Å"The Sun Also Rises,† and â€Å"For Whom the Bell Tolls.† Lessons learned: Symbolism is the best way to interpret your philosophical thoughts. Try establishing such features as the lean writing style, original sense of humor, and try showing the life based on your personal experience. Avoid literary allusions. Virginia Woolf A little is known about this mysterious female writer. She is another female author on the list coming from the United Kingdom. Woolf is the foremost modernist of the XX century + a pioneer in the stream of consciousness (a narrative tool). The girl visited the King’s College London and became the early reformer of women’s higher education. The top short stories created by this known female essayist involve â€Å"Death of the Moth,† â€Å"Eclipse of the Heart,† and â€Å"Devil in False Colors.† You may have watched a film â€Å"Hours† based on Woolf’s story. Her essays teach several lessons. Write how important the life is through the lens of survival evanescence. Apply simple comparisons to make the writing style lucid. Do not hesitate to change from the optimistic voice to melancholic moods in the middle of your essay; the life is black-and-white, and it makes no sense sharing only positive/negative moments. Edgar Allan Poe Who loves detective stories? During the romantic period in the US history literature, a world’s known Edgar Allan Poe appeared with his mystic stories. The man was a writer, editor, and literary critic in one face. Poe is listed among the cofounders developers of the short story essay genres, providing innovative ideas such as making stories gloomy, dark, and mysterious. He developed many popular detective/science fiction works. Poe focused on the things like spirit, organic development, the significance of art, and motivation/inspiration. Start reading his â€Å"Philosophy of Furniture,† â€Å"The Raven,† or â€Å"The Black Cat† to be acquainted with his works. Lessons learned: There is nothing scary about being gloomy in your writing. People like reading about things they find dark and mysterious; it makes them value life more and start believing in the things they can’t see with the naked eye. How to Become the Author of World’s Famous Essays? We hope this list of the best American authors, their top preferred literary works, and the lessons shared between the lines of their stories would help with your writing career. Do you have any questions? If you need a professional writing help, the best thing you can do is to place an order with the time-tested and trusted US/UK academic service, which offers affordable prices!

The Role of International Systems - The Balance of Power During the Essay

The Role of International Systems - The Balance of Power During the Cold War - Essay Example In itself, the balance of power theory suggests that any rapid change in the international status or power of an independent state or collection of states will result in counterbalancing actions by other states. This occurs most readily when the alliances between different states are easily broken and formed based on what is beneficial to the particular state at the time. This essay argues that the balance of power was a key factor in the Cold War and was the driving factor of many of the events that occurred, including the Cuban Missile Crisis. Furthermore, this ultimately resulted in the development of the unipolar international system that is present today. The theory of the balance of power differs substantially between authors and publications and this section will attempt to determine some of the overall themes. Some authors consider that the model is a description of the international systems that are in place currently, others consider that it is a theory of coalitions, while still others consider it a guideline to peace2. In one sense, any international system is a balance of power relationship at some level. However, the term is usually used to refer to specific systems where the actors respond to each other primarily through negotiation rather than through war and where they each attempt to protect their state’s short-term and long-term interests3. Each country has their own internal resources and interests which they aim to maintain, as well as their position on the international stage, their relationship to other international powers and international trading relationships. States must balance their internal needs with needs of the international environment. Regardless of exact definition, the balance of power remains one of the most central theories of international systems and relations.

Cyber crime Laws and The Financial analysis applications Use In Saudi Essay

Cyber crime Laws and The Financial analysis applications Use In Saudi Arabia - Essay Example The Holy Quran did not assert the penalties and laws for computer crimes; however, it tackles public sanctions like theft, adultery, murder and other sanctions. Thus, an Anti-Crime act exists to fight cyber crimes ("Cybercrime and the Law: An Islamic View," n.d.). It also establishes the level of every crime and the resultant harm. For instance (stealing from bank accounts and stealing of the personal videos or pictures from computer) they are under the theft law but there are diverse effects of everyone, so the penalty of every one of them has to be unlike. In all other countries, the laws of the age of children must be less than 18 but Saudi Arabia has 15 members of the Shoura Council who suggests that the age to be less than 15. According to research, 20% of the children in Saudi Arabia are exposed to pornography crime each year. A number of websites availed pornography and scratch the Islamic principles, are blocked as directed by Saudi Arabia Internet Services (www.internet.gov.sa). Cyber Terrorism crime is classified under the distribution of corruption. Research concerning computer crime along with computer ethics is same (Wild, 2011). The aptitude of writing on computer ethics with related areas to make a detailed perceptive of inequalities that surround the field of information technology is greatly affected by types of technological liberalism and determinism. Computer crimes happen in many diverse forms, ranging from child pornography to cyber stalking. Cyber stalking is stalking behavior done by means of some feature of information technologies. The ever rising internet use by criminals has led a rush of legislation along with other interests. Regrettably, in spite of a number of high-profile instances reported both on the Internet and in print media, the topic is yet to be given systematic investigation against a suitable theoretical structure. Such a theoretical

Balanced Diet Essay Example for Free

Balanced Diet Essay Maintaining a healthy balanced diet is important for maintaining optimal health throughout life. For women of childbearing age, good nutrition is important for preparing the body for the demands of pregnancy. During pregnancy, a woman’s macronutrient (energy) and micronutrient (e.g. vitamins, mineral) requirements increase, and it is even more important that she consumes food which will give her both the energy and the specific micronutrients which are essential for maintaining her and her growing baby’s health. For example, women require an additional 240 calories of energy per day in the second trimester and 452 calories per day in the third trimester of pregnancy to account for foetal growth. An additional 975 milligrams of iron is required in the course of the pregnancy to form foetal and additional maternal blood. While nutritional supplements can provide large quantities of particular micronutrients, a healthy balanced diet should form the basis of a woman’s nutritional intake. Good nutrition is most important immediately prior to conception and during the first 12 weeks of pregnancy (including the very early stages, when the woman is unaware she is pregnant). It is therefore important for women to maintain a healthy diet throughout their childbearing years, and particularly if they are planning to become pregnant.In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals. The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods. As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as  carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments. In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals. They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals. The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods. As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments. In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals. They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals. The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods. As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments. In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals. They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral  calcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals. The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods. As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments. In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals. They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too. In addition to regular exercise, a healthy well balanced diet is essential for good health. Life or rather the quality of  life you have is dependent on having good health. A well balanced diet would contain the three main groups of food as well as important vitamins and minerals. The first group of carbohydrates are found in foods such as bread, potatoes and rice. They are essentially energy giving foods which power the muscles and other tissues in our body. The next class of food is the proteins which form the solid part in all living cells. They are commonly found in milk, met and fish, and are necessary for the body to build new cells and repair old damaged ones. For this very reason growing children require a greater intake of the different kinds of proteins as compared to adults. Lastly we have fats which are also energy-living foods but do not give it up as quickly as carbohydrates because their molecular structure is designed to render them ideal as storage foods. As children are much more active than adults they use up more energy for their size and therefore require more energy giving foods such as carbohydrates. To this end fats are unsuitable. Moreover too much of a fatty food intake at an early age may lead to a problem with obesity in later life. In adults fatty deposits on the walls of the blood vessels in the form of cholesterol may lead to all kinds of heart ailments. In addition to the foods above the body also needs small quantities of protective substances called vitamins and minerals. They are normally present in a sensible diet. For example vitamins A and D are found in some fatty foods. Vitamin D is important along with the mineral calcium, found in milk, for the formation of bones. Vitamin B is found in the husks of wheat or rice ad vitamin C in fresh fruits such as oranges and lemons. Important minerals such as potassium, zinc and iron are present in traces n most foods too.

Teaching Writing :: Reflective Writing Education Feminism Essays

Teaching Writing As I look back over the course of this semester, the image that I get is one of the murky variety. It is difficult to identify although I have felt its presence for almost four months now. There have been many moments when I have waited for the insights to come, for the reading and the writing to mesh. And instead, I felt like I was lost in a fog that was sometimes dense, other times only misty. The worst part is that the fog is pervading a familiar place and once it clears I will be disappointed with myself because I should have known exactly where I was. What troubles me is why I do not know where I stand, after a semester of studying concepts I believe in. My hopes for myself in this class have not been met (for which I hold myself entirely responsible). I spent the last few months searching for answers in the material, in my dialogues with my classmates and coworkers, in my writing and through my thinking. As a feminist and a critical pedagogue I thought I would surely come to some grand conclusions, with all these theories as my bedfellows. But instead I feel like I have abandoned and failed my agenda: to better learn the theory and grow because of it. This is not to say that I have not learned anything, or not grown from the experience of this class. I know and feel that I have been changed; I am just not certain how. I look back at my reaction papers and I only see doubts. Questioning the people whose projects I admire, whose goals are not so different than mine, who know so much more than I do. And yet each paper that I have written criticizes and tries to poke holes. This sense of being lost, of not knowing is my own fault. I did not allow myself to engage with the writers. It has only been at the end, by doing my research paper and reading the articles about race that I finally felt like there was a place for me this course. It has been an alienating experience to see my peers thriving with our coursework while I felt like a grumpy old dwarf, shouting à ¬What about me?!à ® And then, a couple weeks ago, when we started reading Race, Rhetoric, and Composition, I felt like the fog was beginning to shift.

Dating Etiquette and Curfews for Teens

Should girls ask out boys? Kindling Marie Saracens If you're wondering whether a girl can ask out a guy, of course you can, she can. But there are a few things to remember before you take the plunge-It's natural to like a guy. And it's natural to want to ask a guy out-And its easy. Buyout shouldn't do it unless you have no other alternative. Should girls ask out a boy? Most guys say they're completely fine with it when girls ask a guy out. Some guys even say they prefer it because it takes the pressure off of asking a girl out.But ask us, an we'll tell you the answer, You shouldn't do it. Now we're not Ewing uptight or prejudiced about the male species and their ways. But that's just the way stolen glances and love works. Guys and girls are different in many ways. And especially when it comes to a relationship great guys like good chase. When you tell a guy you like him Xx not really disappointing, but a guy would never understand how special you are. Nor would he understand how much he needs you until he doesn't have you. It's too easy, like a free brochure that you get in your mailbox now and then.It goes trait to the bin. If you like a guy, and want him to stick around, you need to make him like you back before you even ask him out. Its quite pointless to walk up to a guy and tell him you like him. And the conversation's going to sound like this. Girl (nervous): Hire I like you, and I was wondering if we code go out sometime†¦ Boy (sheepish): Ooh, oh†¦ Kay†¦ Sweet! Girl (relieved): How about we go out sometime? Boy (happy): Yeah, sure, how about Saturday night? And then, the girl's happy and the boys happy too. And the boys goes to his friends.He learns to brag. Boy (boastful): Herr check this out. That that girl we keep bumping into, you know, the girl with the awesome boobs, she just asked me out. Friends (in awe): Oh, yeah?! That's hot, dude†¦ O what are you goanna do? Lay her this weekend? Boy (Check magnet): Ha ha ha ha†¦ We'll find out, won't we†¦? The bib scores, looks good in front of his friends, get a date and a swollen ego and thinks he's a chick magnet. The girl may be very sweet, but he doesn't care. All he cares about is the fact that the girl asked him out.So he must be charming, sexy and could get any girl he wanted. Everyone else soon finds out the girl asked out the guy out. The girl appears needy and easy to get. The guy looks like a rock star. You see, it's easy to ask a guy out. But when you do that, almost all guys lose the point. He won't realize hat a nice girl asked him out, he'll assume he's really good and all girls will love him. Guys make their own lives harder, but they like it the way it is. Learn to play hard to get and guys, as much as they hate it, will love you for it.Of course, a girl can ask a guy out and the relationship may even go very far on the road of happy love. But in most cases, it doesn't work in the girl's favor. Men love the idea of having women swooning ove r them. Why do you think Bond is such a big hit? For his well cut suits? And what about the axe effects? While guys may feel relieved to cut straight to the chase, or in the case even skip he chase completely, they won't add you into the equation. For a guy that moment when you ask him out isn't a chapter in the book Of romance. It's the first step towards realizing how sexy he is!Now many guys may disagree and claim that they love confident woman whoosh the cones to walk up to a guy and ask him out. But this isn't always the case. At the end of the day, let's face it. All a girl has to do is drop a few signs and if a guy does like her back, he'll probably pop the question even before the girl thinks it. Less safer, and an easier way to get to know if a guy likes you, sans the embarrassment of a guy turning oh down. [ The real truth] So can a girl ask out a guy ever? There's just one type of guy where a girl asking a guy out is the only way forward.If you've fallen for a cute shy gu y. These guys are nice, but they're just so shy and awkward, it's embarrassing! You can walk past them with a marching band singing â€Å"she's in love with you† and the guy might just sniffle and try to slip behind the wallpaper. Do curfews keep teens out of trouble ? Even with a curfew teens will do what they want to do. If that means sneaking out, lying or skipping school or etc. Sneaking out gives a teen a thrill and like they are inconvertible. That just sakes them more likely to do much more dangerous stuff.Also, having a curfew just adds stress on teen, because they will freak out about running late and traffic causing them to be late Do curfews keep teens out of trouble? F anyone says that kids will be too scared so sneak out, well wouldn't they be to break an actual law? Does curfew real keep teens out of trouble? Curfews give teens the chance to change and it works because they have less time out to cause the trouble and get Pregnant do vandalism, go stealing take d rugs, smoke Cigarettes, and have under age sex get involved. With the police and Intimidating Behavior.That's the reason many people believe curfews are a good idea however giving your child a curfew is not going to stop them from doing all this stuff. They may not do it during the night or during their curfew but they may be doing it at day time or even skip school and go get in trouble. Having a curfew does not decrease crimes. Numerous articles by credible sources such as the (National Center for Policy Analysis, the Center on Juvenile and Criminal Justice, and the US Department of Justice) all unanimously agree that curfew, in fact, does NOT lower young crime rates of any kind. Does curfews keep teens out of trouble?Also, I found that the amount of arrests in young for breaking curfew greatly outnumbers the amount of arrests in young for any other crime in young. All of this goes to show that curfews in fact have no effect, and that teaching young teens to have morals and know w hat is right and what is wrong is greatly more effective than curfews. I've had my share of sneaking out, and staying out WAY past the time my parents set before me. It's only because if you say I can't do something, want to prove everyone wrong and say that I can do that, and you can't do anything to stop me.

Reproductive Health Bill/RH Bill Essay

I am in favor of the Reproductive Health Bill/RH Bill, not because I don’t believe in God or I disobey His rules but let’s open our eyes on our countries status. As of now our country is growing and continues to grow. We are in number 65 out of 144 economies in the world. But, as you can see, we are still behind when regards to economic growth. I don’t believe those who say that over population is not a problem. Because, I do believe that overpopulation is a big, big problem. The Philippines is having a large population. And this large population is admittedly one of the main causes of our poverty since the government had difficulty in addressing the needs of its people. The population of the Philippines makes it â€Å"the 12th most populous nation in the world today†. RH Bill assures the availability and access to a full range of methods, techniques, supplies and services that contribute to reproductive and sexual health and well-being. With these, our nu mber will become manageable and eventually, our country will be in progress. RH bill doesn’t promote abortion but it rather prevents abortion. The RH bill protects the life of the both the mother and the baby in her womb. Supporting the bill is more PRO-LIFE. Life begins at fertilization. Therefore, if there’s no fertilization, there’s no life. The use of artificial contraception is not taking away life because life has not yet started. I am PRO RH Bill simply because it disturbs me to see people in my age carrying babies. And what’s more disturbing is their situation. They don’t have the capacity to support these babies. I am also PRO RH Bill because it could prevent maternal deaths. RH Bill also provides quality life for a family. And there would also be a population management. The RH Bill promotes awareness and education, which are the initial steps in creating a well-founded society. One of the key components of this bill is the advocacy of fa mily-planning for couples. This way, they can decide on the proper timing, spacing and number of their children, according to what their family can support. Managing population growth is not the sole solution to poverty but is a part of solution. I’m PRO RH BILL because it is PRO-LIFE, it is PRO-DEVELOPMENT, and it is PRO-POOR.

Free Essays on Picture In A Painting

What’s in a picture? An expression of one’s self can sometimes can be the ambiguity of life. It’s a symbol of expression that can be found in the deepest corners of our affection to someone we dearly love. This is what I feel when sometimes, the joys of life is the unknown. Like a painting waiting to be finished, you can never tell to see yourself whole unless you know that your time has ended. My love to someone can be a joy. Painting yourself to that picture in the never-ending vagueness of life. Pictures and paintings are two different worlds. Pictures are instant. You can never enjoy the time of looking your loved one in the infinity of time. Paintings are more intimate. Every stroke of the brush is a stroke of your inspiration. Your world now seems to be unimportant every time you held your brush into your hand. Enjoying the time you see the eyes of the women you most dearly long for. The picture of her can be as clear as the moment. Suddenly, all can be blurry as the painting. Memories hold wonderful moments, but can also make you grief in the moment in your Mellon collie life. This is all that I had left. Just the blurry images of herself. I kept those memories, constantly painting to make it clear. My mind sometimes bring me into a new world. It is as if, I was carried to a place that I was hoping to see. A place where I could see her more clearly in the dimension of reality. A painting as clear as certainty. But of course, imagination always plays with me. Never grasping the truth of the great unknown towards my life to quest. The task may be arduous. But I know somewhere in the perpetuity, I know that I might find and see the end of the eternal mystery. Waiting to frame the picture in a painting.... Free Essays on Picture In A Painting Free Essays on Picture In A Painting What’s in a picture? An expression of one’s self can sometimes can be the ambiguity of life. It’s a symbol of expression that can be found in the deepest corners of our affection to someone we dearly love. This is what I feel when sometimes, the joys of life is the unknown. Like a painting waiting to be finished, you can never tell to see yourself whole unless you know that your time has ended. My love to someone can be a joy. Painting yourself to that picture in the never-ending vagueness of life. Pictures and paintings are two different worlds. Pictures are instant. You can never enjoy the time of looking your loved one in the infinity of time. Paintings are more intimate. Every stroke of the brush is a stroke of your inspiration. Your world now seems to be unimportant every time you held your brush into your hand. Enjoying the time you see the eyes of the women you most dearly long for. The picture of her can be as clear as the moment. Suddenly, all can be blurry as the painting. Memories hold wonderful moments, but can also make you grief in the moment in your Mellon collie life. This is all that I had left. Just the blurry images of herself. I kept those memories, constantly painting to make it clear. My mind sometimes bring me into a new world. It is as if, I was carried to a place that I was hoping to see. A place where I could see her more clearly in the dimension of reality. A painting as clear as certainty. But of course, imagination always plays with me. Never grasping the truth of the great unknown towards my life to quest. The task may be arduous. But I know somewhere in the perpetuity, I know that I might find and see the end of the eternal mystery. Waiting to frame the picture in a painting....

An offer can be made in oral form, written form or conduct

An offer can be made in oral form, written form or conduct Disclaimer: This work has been submitted by a student. This is not an example of the work produced by our Law Essay Writing Service . You can view samples of our professional work here . An offer can be made in oral form, written form or conduct Question: How is an offer terminated? Please provide examples and case law in order to support your answer. Offer, Acceptance and Consideration are the three main components to form a legally binding contract. And before any contracts are being made, there must be reasonable and proper means of communication between parties. An offer is a definite and specific promise made by the offeror to an offeree of which there is an intention to be bound on specific terms if it is accepted. An offer can be made in oral form, writing form or by conduct, noted that it should not be vague but definite. In order to terminate an offer, there are five ways to do so which will be shown below: 1. Rejection There are two forms of rejection to an offer. The first form is that the offer is simply rejected by the offeree for not willing to be bound by the terms of the offer through communication, this will permanently destroy the offer. The offere e cannot change his/her mind afterwards and purport to accept the offer again. For example, Jean wanted to buy Peter’s car and offered him a price of $32,000. Peter then replied to say that $32,000 was below his expectation. In this case, Peter had rejected Jean’s offer and the offer no longer existed. Therefore, Peter could not change his mind and tell Jean that it was a mistake not to accept the offer. But then he can now sell the car to Jean by making a new offer, and Jean is free to accept it, contract will therefore formed. The second form of rejection to an offer is that the offeree rejects the offer made to him/her by a counter offer. This counter offer will destroy the original offer and introduces a new offer. In this case the original offeror may accept or deny this new offer. According to Hyde v Wrench (1840), where â€Å"A†, the offeror offered to sell an estate at a price of 1000 pounds, â€Å"B†, the offeror replied that he was willing to pa y 950 pounds only. The offer was refused, but afterwards, â€Å"B† sought to accept the initial offer. It was held that the offer has already terminated by the counter offer of 950 pounds, therefore no contract could be made at the time â€Å"B† tried to accept the initial offer as it no longer existed. However, it should be noted that a mere inquiry about the terms of offer to make the bargain more favourable, while he is willing to accept the offer is not a counter offer nor rejecting the offer. This principle lied in Stevenson v. McLean (1880), where â€Å"A† offered to sell iron to â€Å"B† for cash. â€Å"B asked if they could have 4 months credit. He has no intention to reject the offer made to him. 2. Revocation The offeror is free to withdraw or revoke from an offer at anytime given that the offer has not been accepted by the offeree. Given that revocation will not be effective until it is communicated to the offeree. Communication is not necessa rily made by the offeror himself provided that the offeree has been brought to notice of the revocation through a reliable source.

The Equation of Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Equation of Change - Essay Example This can also be considered as the number of times that the currency is spent on finished products and services per year. PQ is the nominal GDP of the country (the level of price (P) times the physical amount of products and services (Q). Economists believe that changes in the supply of money especially improper monetary policy are the most significant factors that cause macroeconomic stability. Importance of the stability or lack thereof, of the velocity of money directly relates to the control of the money supply (Thomas, 2005). If the velocity was always constant, then the money supply would be the single determinant of the level of national GDP spending. No policy instrument other than the central bank’s control would be needed to accurately control GDP spending. If the velocity fluctuates in a completely unpredictable manner, then Fed Reserve-engineering changes in M would have no predictable consequence on GDP spending. The control of the money supply would be a totally ineffective method of influencing GDP. To the degree that velocity is random the influence of FED reserve money supply control on GDP spending and general economic activity is compromised. If the velocity is random but is independent of the money supply and is relatively stable and subject to acceptable good prediction, then FED policy of controlling the money supply is greatly effective way of i nfluencing GDP spending. Question two The structure of the Federal Reserve System Federal Reserve Banks: There are twelve Federal Reserve Banks from the Federal Reserve Districts. Each bank is a legally separate corporation owned by the commercial banks in its districts. The directors of individual banks recommend the allocation of discount rate which is then endorsed by the Board of Directors. These directors also select one banker from each district to serve the Federal Advisory Council. Other functions include clearing checks, help regulating banks, withdrawing damaged currency from circulation and replacing it with new ones as well as acting between local business communities. Member Banks: These are commercial banks that hold stock in the Federal Reserve Banks; commercial banks chartered by the Federal Government; and state banks chartered by state governments. Their major function is to hold reserves as deposits or vault cash at the Federal Reserve Banks. Board of Governors: c onsist of seven members appointed by the president and led by the chairman. All governors must come from different states and are voting members of the FOMC. They set reserve requirements, set bank regulations and select recommendations to set the discount rate. The board has authority over certain regulations unrelated to fiscal policy but have significant impacts on the monetary system. Federal Open Market Committee: The committee consists of the members of the Board of Governors, president of the New York Fed, and presidents from four other Reserve Banks. The major function of FOMC is to make decisions concerning the conduct of open market operations and hence controls the monetary base. The committee has the key responsibility of formulating monetary policy. Federal Advisory Council: comprises of the twelve representatives of the banking system. The council advices and consults with the Board of Governors on all issues within the board control. The Reserve Banks selects one repr esentative from the district who normally serves for a term of three

Cruise Line Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cruise Line Industry - Essay Example Ted Arison served in World War II in the British Army in the 1940s. An Israeli immigrant, he started a business running cargo between Israel and New York. However, this venture failed due to competition. In the early 50s, he moved to the United States and worked as a cargo manager for the Israel’s national airline. He then started an air freight company called Trans Air System in the late 1960s. At the age of 42 he moved to Miami to run a small cruise ship between Florida and the Caribbean. The ship was impounded due to owner debt; Arison transferred the passengers onto a Norwegian Cruise Line. He was then convinced he needed to own the ships rather than work for others. (Funding Universe, 1999). Together with his former schoolmate, Meshulam Riklis, they formed Carnival Cruise as a subsidiary of AITS (American International Travel Service). (Funding Universe, 1999). â€Å"Our mission is to deliver exceptional vacation experiences through the world’s best-known cruise brands that cater to a variety of different lifestyles and budgets, all at an outstanding value unrivaled on land or at sea.† (Carnival Corporation, 2012). Carnival Cruise Line began in 1972 by using the old to bring in the new. Its founder, the late Ted Arison’s vision, to start with one refurbished ocean liner and just enough fuel to make a maiden voyage one way from Miami to San Juan, Puerto Rico. The first voyage did not go well, as the ship ran aground off the Florida coast. However, coupled with his enthusiasm and future vision, he began to build his American Dream through a partnership. Two years later in 1974 the small line was fighting to stay in business. Arison, determined to see his vision become reality, bought full ownership of the company for $1 and $5 million in debt. Being a very determined entrepreneur, Arison spend the largest portion of his life building the Carnival name into the most well

CLIENT LETTER Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

CLIENT LETTER - Assignment Example Also, if there is anything you forgot to mention previously or is missing, please be certain to notify our offices immediately. According to our last meeting you explained that you are a single parent with a sole responsibility for your four-year-old daughter, Angie. Your boyfriend with whom you had this child left when the child was two years old. Even though you know where the boyfriend is living, neither you nor Angie has had any contact with him for two years. An incident happened approximately a week ago; you picked your daughter up at day care after work and you needed to stop at the grocery store before going home. While at the grocery, Angie was misbehaving and was taking items off the shelf and putting them into the cart. Despite several verbal reprimands, Angie continued to disobey you. You then slapped Angie’s hands making her to begin wailing thus attracting the attention of several customers in the store. After purchasing your groceries, you pushed Angie to the car. As you were putting Angie into the car seat, you noticed something protruding from one of the pockets of Angie’s dress. When you pulled it out, you realized that Angie had taken candy bars and gum from the shelves next to the checkout line and put them in her pockets. You wanted to make sure that your daughter understood that taking things without paying for them is wrong as it amounted to stealing. So, you shook her several times, slapped her hands, and then put her hand over Angie’s mouth when she began screaming. Angie then bit your hand, prompting you to instinctively slap her across the face. Even though you did not mean to hurt her, everything was happening very fast. Angie suddenly became very quiet, so you shut the backdoor to the car and drove home. After 10 minutes of driving, you realized that she had not heard from Angie since they

Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour

Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour Chapter.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Background The hypermarket plays an important role in Asian countries, such as South Korea, China, Thailand, and Taiwan, the numbers of hypermarkets are rising because of the dense population. Nowadays, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic expansion and a notable increase in consuming capacity. With an increasing demand for better products and services, the concept of using modern retail channels such as convenience stores and hypermarkets for daily purchases of household necessities has been adapted widely by consumers. In a survey of the role of hypermarkets in Taiwanese peoples daily lives quoted by Taiwan Today (2009) from Chinese-language China Times founded that over than eighty-four percent of 1,870 participants said they had shopped at a hypermarket. Obviously, the hypermarket became the main store format for Taiwanese people when they purchased household necessities and foods. According to Nielsen Company (2009) market research conducted in 2006, Taiwan had the second highest density of hypermarkets in Asia region. In this survey, they pointed out the population in Taiwan around 23 million and each hypermarket serves around 210,000 people. They also founded that Taiwan is significantly more developed than other Asias countries, with 90 percent of grocery sales going through the modern trade. Therefore, retailing industry became competitively so retailers must put effort into increasing various products, better service or developing various sales promotions in order to tempt customers, and the results of the poll reveal that which strategies are effective. As Dibb et al. pointed out the role of promotion in a company is to communicate with customers, with the aim of directly or indirectly facilitating exchange by informing and persuading one or more audiences to accept the companys products (Dibb et al., 2006: p.511). In addition, the resource in a company is not infinite therefore company should maximum the efficiency of resource and focus on useful marketing strategies. For that reason, we understand the promotion became a crucial issue for company which want to utilize the tools to increase communicate with customers then incentive customers purchase companys product. Meanwhile, by providing good services and products surpass customer expectation then get higher custom er satisfaction. Finally, the company can keep higher customer retention and earn more profit. This research takes Carrefour for example and discusses the effectiveness of sales promotion operations for Carrefour. Besides, this research tries to understand how promotion campaigns to impact customer relationships and behaviours and how to use sales promotion to help company get more revenue and keep high customer retention. 1.2 Aims and Objectives Aims In the past, the manufacturers and retailers focus on how product more products and how to use the marketing strategies to sell the products, they also stand on supply-based side to sell products. However, in the twenty first century, the domestic and global competition is increasingly intense; the marketplace provides more options to the customers, and the whole value chain of retailing had already became the customer orientated situation and retailers seek for best ways to increase the profit. Objectives The purpose of this research is aimed at examine the effects of sales promotion and marketing strategy on consumers behaviours. Let the stores to understand the customers needs by distinguishing the effectiveness of individual sales promotion, then provides the new marketing strategy for fit in with the market. Therefore, there are four objectives in this study: 1) Identify the effects of individual sales promotion tools on perceived values. 2) Find out the impact of different sales promotion tools on consumer purchase intention. 3) Find out whether there is a positive correlation between sales promotion and purchasing intention. 4) Identify the demographic of consumers and behaviour response. 1.3 Research Structure This research includes five chapters, and the outline of each chapter is as follows: Chapter one introduces the research background, research aims and objectives, and research structure. Chapter two reviews the existing literature relevant to this research. It consists of definition of hypermarket, sales promotion, consumer behaviour. Chapter three illustrates the experiment design, data collection, sample selection, measurement, and pre-test. Chapter four tests the hypotheses and shows the statistical results of the research. The data analysis methods contain Reliability Analysis, Factor Analysis, ANOVA, Independent-Sample T Test, and Simple Regression. Thus some findings could be explained through this information. Chapter five discusses the results and implications of the study, describes limitations, and provides suggestions for future research. The research flow is as follows: Chapter 2. Review of the Literature Introduction There exist numerous theories about how an individual consumer perceives the values of products based on several elements. In this chapter, an extensive review of literature is to be presented. Basically, three sections are included in this chapter. The first section discusses the definition of Hypermarket. In the second section, the definition and classification of sales promotion are to be provided. Then, the third section reviews the theories of consumer buying behavior. 2.1. Hypermarket 2.1.1 Definition of hypermarket According to URPI (1988), the hypermarket is an extension of the supermarket. Normally, the average supermarket covers up to 2500 m, a superstore is between 2500 and 5000 m and the hypermarket is anything over 5000 m in business size. It offers variety of choices and depth of range but usually centers mainly around groceries. Kitchen and Proctor (2001) found that, hypermarket usually over 50000 square feet, typically on one level and selling a wide range of food and non-foods products. Moreover, hypermarkets are usually built on the edge of town or near retail parks. A number of definitions have been coined for a hypermarket. The most widely used definition of a hypermarket is a large commercial establishment which comprises of departmental stores and supermarket which offer a wide range of grocery and a chain of merchandise goods at discounted prices. 2.1.2 Hypermarket in Taiwan 2.1.2.1 History In Taiwan, the hypermarket has developed for 20 years. The first hypermarket called Makro, which were introduced to Taiwan in 1989. At same time, the French company Carrefour established a joint-venture with President Group in Taiwan. Furthermore, local brands such as Geant and RT-MART and international brands like Costco quickly join hypermarket industry. They provide with a variety of commodity and low price. At that time, Makro quickly became the biggest retail sales system in market, and set a new customer shopping trend in Taiwan. Those are self-service, low price, and get all you need in one store. Meanwhile, during 90s Taiwans government comprehensively pushed commercial and service industry development, and eagerly anticipated the industry to become prosperity, globalization, internationalization and alliance. In last twenty years, hypermarkets dramatically grew under the government policy guidance. 2.1.2.2 Current situation Recently, hypermarkets in Taiwan became already the main places that the consumers purchase household necessities for daily lives. In spite of during the global recession, the leading-brand hypermarkets still to expand their new stores every year. In Taiwan, There are 106 hypermarkets at the end of the year 2008. Table 1 shows that the largest chain of hypermarkets is Carrefour (58 stores), followed by RT-MART (24 stores) and Geant (14 stores). It is clearly that the variations and competitions between the hypermarkets in Taiwan are very fiercely. Therefore, hypermarket should find other marketing strategies to keep their market share and profit. Table.1 Source: Collected by different hypermarkets official website in Taiwan 2. 2 Sales Promotion 2.2.1 Definition of Sales Promotion The word promotion originates from a Latin word meaning to move forward. Later, the meaning has been narrowed with reference communication undertaken to convince others to accept ideas, concepts or things. Many previous studies and researches have defined of sales promotion. Each definition has its own elaboration according to the promotional methods applied. Hence, the techniques of sales promotion are diverse and widely used. Strang (1976) had given a more simplistic definition on sales promotion where they are short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Twenty years later, Kotler and Armstrong (1996: pp.200-250) reemphasized that sales promotion consists of short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Sales promotions include a wide variety of promotion tools such as coupons, contests, cents off deals, and others are designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response and this includes consumer promotion, trade promotion and sales force promotion. They also defined sales promotions as invite and reward quick response from consumers whereas advertising and personal selling offer reasons to buy a product or service. Later, McDonald and Christopher (2003: pp.120-140) noted that sales promotion is not a face-to-face activity concerned with the promotion of sales. Sales promotion can be an activity for saving problem designed to stimulat e customers to behave more in line with the economic interests of the company, and bring forward their decisions to buy. The design of promotion is to increase sales of product or service by encouraging consumers to try and even purchase the product. This activity provides incentives to consumer within specific time in order to help them make decision on a variety of commodities available in the market. Brassington and Pettitt (2006:pp727) also concluded that sales promotion covered a wide variety of objectives, all of which fall into three broad categories as show in Figure 1. : communication, incentive and invitation. Figure 1 Sales Promotion objectives Despite sales promotion have different forms or definitions offered by several credible institutes and scholars, but all sales promotion instruments would be have the common typical objectives: 1) Encourage intermediaries do more sales efforts 2) Increase shelf space for products 3) Help intermediaries stock levels increasing 4) Get more support for in-store displays or other promotions 5) Gain access to new outlets 6) Counteract pressure from sales downturns or competitor actions 7) Improve communication with, or education of, intermediaries For every marketers or producers, it is essentially important for them to understand, which promotion techniques can attract and induce consumers to purchase their products respectively. In order to create better analysis of the effects of promotions, some researchers classify the sales promotion into different framing forms. Campbell and Diamond (1990) classified the sales promotion into two main types, monetary promotion and non-monetary promotion. Monetary promotions are inducement activities made through the price mechanism and comparable with product selling price such as discount and coupons. On the other hand, non-monetary promotions are inducement activities that exclude pricing element and not comparable with product selling price, i.e., free gift or premiums. Their study concluded that non-monetary promotions are theorized to be considered as gains while monetary promotions are viewed as reduced losses in terms of value perception. Experimental results showed that monetary promotions have smaller but noticeable differences than nonmonetary promotions in value. However, non-monetary promotions had broader latitudes of acceptance than monetary promotions. Because of their relatively small noticeable difference, monetary promotions may be particularly effective for transactions with limited amount of money involved. Meanwhile non-monetary promotions, which have broader latitude of acceptance, would be better for transactions that are more expensive. No matter how the sales promotion is classified, there are several ways of hypothesizing whether a particular promotion will be considered as a gain or a reduced loss in value perception. One of Thalers (1985) assumptions was that the physical or temporal separation of a rebate (monetary promotion) check from the price quotation leads to the consideration of the rebate as a gain, but he did not test that hypothesis. Price-off promotions, a monetary promotion tool, are most likely to be viewed as reduced losses in value perception and non-monetary promotions, are most likely to be framed as gains in value perception (Sawyer and Dickson, 1984). Most analytical and econometric models of sales promotions simply assume that monetary savings are the only benefit motivating consumers to respond to sales promotions (Blattberg and Neslin,1990: pp.30-100). Therefore, the determination of value perception of gains or reduced losses is depending upon which form of sales promotion would produce t he most happiness for the subject (McDonald and Christopher, 2003). 2.2.2 Sales Promotion Activities Money-off Money-off are the most recognized use of sales promotions. Money-off offers are usually designed as short-term expedient but some brands appear to run one price reduction after another, creating clear impression and expectation in peoples mind. Bonus packs Bonus packs include an extra quantity of product in the pack for no extra price increase. Banded packs These are multi-packs of the same product, or more than one product, banded together for inclusive price. Couponing Coupons are extensively used in a variety if forms and are associated with other elements of sales promotions such as money-off offers and contests. Premiums Premiums are merchandise items or services. They include free goods and services such as a free extra item of the product being purchased, a free item of some other product or free service such as entry into a leisure park. Sampling Standard or trial-sized samples of the brand are provided free or at a reduced price to encourage trial. Contests Competitions of a variety of forms are a popular sales promotional tool. Contests encourage individual customer rivals others for prizes according to their analytical or creative skills. Sweepstake Sweepstake is a method of stimulating sales in which consumer submit their names for inclusion in a draw for prizes. Sweepstakes are usually used to stimulate sales contests, and sometimes sweepstakes will combine with other sales promotion tools. Tie-in sales promotions Tie-in sales are where multiple products are involved in sales promotions. The products may be from the same company or different companies. Merchandising/ point- of sale displays/ demonstrations Those promotions are anything that entices customers to buy or take action through display and atmospherics. It includes window displays, shelf and aisle displays, the use of video, and other appeals to any of the five senses. Frequent user incentives Frequent user incentives to reward customers who take part in repeat purchases. Basically, frequent user incentives include loyalty card and trading stamps. The loyalty provides discounts or free merchandise to regular customers. Information leaflets/ packs and catalogues The primary purpose of those trade items is to be informative in explaining the range products available, and give pricing and ordering procedures. 2.3 Customer behaviour 2.3.1 Theory of Consumer Buying Behavior It is very difficult to identify the causes of consumer behaviors. People make their buying decision based on many reasons. The analysis of consumer behaviors as those acts of individual directly involved in obtaining, using, and disposing of economic goods and services, including the decision processes that precede and determine the acts. People make buying decision based on different factors. Knowledge of consumer behavior is a vital input to sales promotion activities (Blackwell et al., 2001). Between 1950 and 1960, the field of economics was the main contributor in explaining consumer behavior and economists were the first to propose a formal theory of consumer behavior (Karin, 2003). However, marketers only borrowed rather indiscriminately from social psychology, sociology or any other fields of inquiry that might relate to consumer behavior in some way. One of the outstanding models underlies the consumer behavior, Stimulus response model (Bagozzi, 1986), has been widely applied by marketing managers. According to Teunter (2002), most marketing managers find the economic model particularly lacking in its ability to suggest specific actions for influencing consumption or for anticipating specific demands of consumers (unless resulting from price actions). Most marketers or producers need guidelines that will indicate how their actions, especially the marketing mix, might actually influence consumers perception and in turn purchasing behaviors. In the stimulus-response model (Fig. 2) suggests that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses (Bagozzi, 1986). Hence, the challenge for marketers is to find out how the responses are generated in the black box. Notice that the marketing mix variables are not the only stimuli producing responses on the consumers but also external environmental fact ors. The stimulus-response approach is quite appealing because marketers can discover the reactions of consumers to sales promotion stimuli. Under this approach, people are represented as being buffeted by stimuli rather than freely discovering their needs and choosing among alternatives. Stimulus Buyer Black Box Consumer Response Marketing Mix Psychological Variables Reactions Product Purchase Price Activities Place Consumption Promotion Patterns External Environmental Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural Fig. 2. Stimulus-Response Model Source: Bagozzi, 1986. The central idea of the stimuli-response model is to employ marketing stimuli to influence perceived value as they affect buyer decision and intention to purchase. Sales promotion is one of the elements of marketing stimuli, this model could be very useful in explaining how and why sales promotions affect consumer behaviors through the perceived value. Usually consumers make purchase decision toward which they have a positive attitude, and avoid those, which they have, negative perception. Therefore, to make better prediction about consumers behaviors will need a better understanding about the formation of consumers perceived values (Teunter, 2002). Consumer value is very important to marketers (Fredericks and Salter,1995; Vantrappen, 1992), especially under the fierce competition in newmillennium. The concept of perceived value has recently gained its importance in the business environment as it could affect consumer behaviors, and therefore it helps provide the basis for building strategies for the marketers/producers to gain a better competitive position in a market. However, despite its strategic importance for marketing, perceived value did not receive enough investigation in the literature in agribusiness. Although the conceptualization of perceived value launched in the late 1970s, researchers just begin to give reasonable attention to its operationalization (Sweeney et al., 1997). Given the previous studies, perceived benefits, perceived price, monetary price, psychological price, and behavioral price are all associated with conceptualization of perceived value. Hence, the concept of perceived value is a multi-dimensional (Kotler and Armstrong, 1996). Studying the perceived value has become quite popular recently. There are several conceptual models on perceived value, and basically they can be grouped into two categories according to the different conceptual values. First category consists of transaction utility theory and concept theory of Grewal et al. (1998a), where they define the perceived value as two dimensions-transaction value and acquisition value. Meanwhile the second category only reviews the perceived value as a whole unit without clearly segregating the value into transaction value and acquisition value. Transaction utility theory was developed by Thaler (1985) it focuses on how people build mental code combinations of events that are assumed to make themselves as happy as possible. This principle is used to explain consumers purchase behaviors related to their preferences and the evaluation of transactions involves the acquisition utility and the transaction utility. Conceptually, the acquisition utility is a measu re of the value of the goods relative to its price, which is similar to the economic concept of consumer surplus. Transaction utility is defined as the difference between the amount paid and the internal reference price for the goods that the consumer expects to pay for. This theory leads to the evaluation of consumers tangible gains to their losses when they are offered with promotion, then the perceptions of value and purchase intention would be formed. During the purchase evaluation stage, consumer will makes the purchase decision based on the maximum perceived value or utility received from individual promotions. Thaler (1985), argues powerfully that promotions may frame as gains or losses in the value assessment. The transaction utility theory already becomes a fundamental base for many researches on the psychology of persuasion (Lichtenstein and Bearder, 1989). Grewal et al. (1998a) focused on the perceived product value and customers choice behaviors in the pre-purchase phase. They have successfully identified the value into two aspects, perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value. Perceived acquisition value is the perceived net gains associated with the products or services acquired. That is, the perceived acquisition value of a product will be positively influenced by the benefits they are getting from acquiring and using the product. However, it will be negatively influenced by the amount of money given up to acquire the product, i.e., the sales price. On the other hand, the perceived transaction value is the perception of psychological satisfaction or pleasure obtained from taking advantage of the financial terms of the price deal. In addition, they discovered that the influence of perceived transaction value on behavioral intentions is mediated by perceived acquisition value. The perceived transaction value could enha nce consumers perceived acquisition value if the internal reference prices (the mental price scale by which a buyer judges the fairness of an actual price) are greater than the selling price. The likelihood that the buyer intends to purchase the product is positively related to overall perceptions of value. Their findings also reaffirmed the common belief that perceived quality is an important part of the value equation. Zeithaml (1988) developed a means-end model, which specified quality and value not differentiated from one another. Quality can be defined as a consumers judgment about a product or service. Zeithaml (1988) found that perceived value is defined as the consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product according to perceptions of what is received and what is given. The study stated that perceived customer value can be captured in one overall definition: value is low price, value is whatever one wants in a product, value is the quality that the consumer receives for the price paid, and value is what the consumer gets (quality) for what they give (price) respectively. The moderating variables of perceived value in this model include perceived sacrificed, the effort required to purchase, extrinsic and intrinsic attributes, and high-level abstractions. The perceived sacrificed include elements of perceived monetary price and perceived non-monetary price. Perceived monetary price is the price of a product as encoded by the consumer. Meanwhile the perceived non-monetary price is defined as the price of obtaining a product that includes the time and effort used to search for it. Both intrinsic attributes (how the product/service makes you feel) and extrinsic attributes (the reputation of the product/service) are positively related to perceived quality, while perceived monetary price is affected by objective price (actual price paid) and negatively related to the perceived quality. The result showed consumers perceptions of quality, price and value are interrelated and it will influence the willingness to purchase. In 1990, Monroe developed a framework and suggested a ratio specification, which implied that the perceived value is judged to be quality at unit price in a consumers mind. This is the outcome of the trade off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice. The ratio specification is defined as: Perceived value = Perceived benefit / Perceived price sacrificed The equation above, identify that perceived value, perceived benefits are positively related, and perceived price sacrificed is negatively related to perceived value. The relationship between actual price and perceived quality are positively related and negatively linked with perceived price sacrificed. The concept developed by Monroe, stated that buyers perceptions of value represents a tradeoff between the quality and benefits, they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceive by paying the price. One can reduce a products perceived monetary sacrifice by offering a price reduction on the product. Therefore, by keeping the benefits received by consumers constant, different ways of communicating promotion will lead to a purchase decision. According to Grewal et al. (1998b), integrative framework identify price, product brand and store name could influence buyers perceptions of quality, and extend to their perceived value. They identified that price discounts are likely to have a negative influence on perceptions of quality. If a consumer purchases a discounted product, they often attribute the fact that it was on discount because of poor quality, which is similar to the finding of other scholars (Blattberg and Neslin, 1990:pp.30-100). They suggested that internal reference price is influenced by price discounts, brands perceived quality and brand name. In addition, their finding supports the conclusion of other scholars that the essential components of the formation of the value perception included price, promotion and quality perception. Indeed, they also suggested the perceived quality be positively related with value perceptions. As a result, purchase intention is positively associated with perceived value as the p urchase intentions is an antecedent of the consequent purchase. Alford and Engelland (2000) applied the social judgment theory to develop the concept of value perception. Their main finding suggested that the variables influencing the formation of consumers internal reference prices be consumer perceived value and search intention. Consumer internal reference price formation is influenced by the advertised sales price (Alford and Ellgelland, 2000). They illustrated that the comparison between the advertised sales price and internal reference price is to attract consumer attention and enhance consumers value perception as well. Consumers define internal reference price as a fair price, the expected average market price, the average of recent purchase price, or the lowest acceptable price. In this sense, it would be more reasonable to view it as a range of prices. In their framework, the price range is appropriately associated with the social judgment theory developed by Sherif et al. (1973), which suggested that individuals develop latitudes of ac ceptance, rejection and non-commitment as a guideline for value evaluation. Moreover, they also realized that consumers would perceive a smaller degree of benefits of search when exposed to a plausible advertised reference price as opposed to an implausible advertised reference price. This implies that the level of purchase intention would be higher for the appropriate promotion employed. Among the studies mentioned above, only Thalers transaction utility theory (1985) and framework of Grewal et al. (1998a) have segregated the perception into two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value and defined both dimensions are inter-related. Nonetheless, most of the scholars (Zeithaml, 1988; Monroe, 1990; Grewal et al., 1998b) concept does not identify the value as two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value. The findings from previous studies suggested that perceived value is a function of perceived quality and perceived price. That is, value increases monotonically (and positively) Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour Impact of Advertising Campaigns on Consumer Behaviour Chapter.1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction and Background The hypermarket plays an important role in Asian countries, such as South Korea, China, Thailand, and Taiwan, the numbers of hypermarkets are rising because of the dense population. Nowadays, Taiwan has experienced rapid economic expansion and a notable increase in consuming capacity. With an increasing demand for better products and services, the concept of using modern retail channels such as convenience stores and hypermarkets for daily purchases of household necessities has been adapted widely by consumers. In a survey of the role of hypermarkets in Taiwanese peoples daily lives quoted by Taiwan Today (2009) from Chinese-language China Times founded that over than eighty-four percent of 1,870 participants said they had shopped at a hypermarket. Obviously, the hypermarket became the main store format for Taiwanese people when they purchased household necessities and foods. According to Nielsen Company (2009) market research conducted in 2006, Taiwan had the second highest density of hypermarkets in Asia region. In this survey, they pointed out the population in Taiwan around 23 million and each hypermarket serves around 210,000 people. They also founded that Taiwan is significantly more developed than other Asias countries, with 90 percent of grocery sales going through the modern trade. Therefore, retailing industry became competitively so retailers must put effort into increasing various products, better service or developing various sales promotions in order to tempt customers, and the results of the poll reveal that which strategies are effective. As Dibb et al. pointed out the role of promotion in a company is to communicate with customers, with the aim of directly or indirectly facilitating exchange by informing and persuading one or more audiences to accept the companys products (Dibb et al., 2006: p.511). In addition, the resource in a company is not infinite therefore company should maximum the efficiency of resource and focus on useful marketing strategies. For that reason, we understand the promotion became a crucial issue for company which want to utilize the tools to increase communicate with customers then incentive customers purchase companys product. Meanwhile, by providing good services and products surpass customer expectation then get higher custom er satisfaction. Finally, the company can keep higher customer retention and earn more profit. This research takes Carrefour for example and discusses the effectiveness of sales promotion operations for Carrefour. Besides, this research tries to understand how promotion campaigns to impact customer relationships and behaviours and how to use sales promotion to help company get more revenue and keep high customer retention. 1.2 Aims and Objectives Aims In the past, the manufacturers and retailers focus on how product more products and how to use the marketing strategies to sell the products, they also stand on supply-based side to sell products. However, in the twenty first century, the domestic and global competition is increasingly intense; the marketplace provides more options to the customers, and the whole value chain of retailing had already became the customer orientated situation and retailers seek for best ways to increase the profit. Objectives The purpose of this research is aimed at examine the effects of sales promotion and marketing strategy on consumers behaviours. Let the stores to understand the customers needs by distinguishing the effectiveness of individual sales promotion, then provides the new marketing strategy for fit in with the market. Therefore, there are four objectives in this study: 1) Identify the effects of individual sales promotion tools on perceived values. 2) Find out the impact of different sales promotion tools on consumer purchase intention. 3) Find out whether there is a positive correlation between sales promotion and purchasing intention. 4) Identify the demographic of consumers and behaviour response. 1.3 Research Structure This research includes five chapters, and the outline of each chapter is as follows: Chapter one introduces the research background, research aims and objectives, and research structure. Chapter two reviews the existing literature relevant to this research. It consists of definition of hypermarket, sales promotion, consumer behaviour. Chapter three illustrates the experiment design, data collection, sample selection, measurement, and pre-test. Chapter four tests the hypotheses and shows the statistical results of the research. The data analysis methods contain Reliability Analysis, Factor Analysis, ANOVA, Independent-Sample T Test, and Simple Regression. Thus some findings could be explained through this information. Chapter five discusses the results and implications of the study, describes limitations, and provides suggestions for future research. The research flow is as follows: Chapter 2. Review of the Literature Introduction There exist numerous theories about how an individual consumer perceives the values of products based on several elements. In this chapter, an extensive review of literature is to be presented. Basically, three sections are included in this chapter. The first section discusses the definition of Hypermarket. In the second section, the definition and classification of sales promotion are to be provided. Then, the third section reviews the theories of consumer buying behavior. 2.1. Hypermarket 2.1.1 Definition of hypermarket According to URPI (1988), the hypermarket is an extension of the supermarket. Normally, the average supermarket covers up to 2500 m, a superstore is between 2500 and 5000 m and the hypermarket is anything over 5000 m in business size. It offers variety of choices and depth of range but usually centers mainly around groceries. Kitchen and Proctor (2001) found that, hypermarket usually over 50000 square feet, typically on one level and selling a wide range of food and non-foods products. Moreover, hypermarkets are usually built on the edge of town or near retail parks. A number of definitions have been coined for a hypermarket. The most widely used definition of a hypermarket is a large commercial establishment which comprises of departmental stores and supermarket which offer a wide range of grocery and a chain of merchandise goods at discounted prices. 2.1.2 Hypermarket in Taiwan 2.1.2.1 History In Taiwan, the hypermarket has developed for 20 years. The first hypermarket called Makro, which were introduced to Taiwan in 1989. At same time, the French company Carrefour established a joint-venture with President Group in Taiwan. Furthermore, local brands such as Geant and RT-MART and international brands like Costco quickly join hypermarket industry. They provide with a variety of commodity and low price. At that time, Makro quickly became the biggest retail sales system in market, and set a new customer shopping trend in Taiwan. Those are self-service, low price, and get all you need in one store. Meanwhile, during 90s Taiwans government comprehensively pushed commercial and service industry development, and eagerly anticipated the industry to become prosperity, globalization, internationalization and alliance. In last twenty years, hypermarkets dramatically grew under the government policy guidance. 2.1.2.2 Current situation Recently, hypermarkets in Taiwan became already the main places that the consumers purchase household necessities for daily lives. In spite of during the global recession, the leading-brand hypermarkets still to expand their new stores every year. In Taiwan, There are 106 hypermarkets at the end of the year 2008. Table 1 shows that the largest chain of hypermarkets is Carrefour (58 stores), followed by RT-MART (24 stores) and Geant (14 stores). It is clearly that the variations and competitions between the hypermarkets in Taiwan are very fiercely. Therefore, hypermarket should find other marketing strategies to keep their market share and profit. Table.1 Source: Collected by different hypermarkets official website in Taiwan 2. 2 Sales Promotion 2.2.1 Definition of Sales Promotion The word promotion originates from a Latin word meaning to move forward. Later, the meaning has been narrowed with reference communication undertaken to convince others to accept ideas, concepts or things. Many previous studies and researches have defined of sales promotion. Each definition has its own elaboration according to the promotional methods applied. Hence, the techniques of sales promotion are diverse and widely used. Strang (1976) had given a more simplistic definition on sales promotion where they are short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Twenty years later, Kotler and Armstrong (1996: pp.200-250) reemphasized that sales promotion consists of short-term incentives to encourage purchase or sales of a product or service. Sales promotions include a wide variety of promotion tools such as coupons, contests, cents off deals, and others are designed to stimulate earlier or stronger market response and this includes consumer promotion, trade promotion and sales force promotion. They also defined sales promotions as invite and reward quick response from consumers whereas advertising and personal selling offer reasons to buy a product or service. Later, McDonald and Christopher (2003: pp.120-140) noted that sales promotion is not a face-to-face activity concerned with the promotion of sales. Sales promotion can be an activity for saving problem designed to stimulat e customers to behave more in line with the economic interests of the company, and bring forward their decisions to buy. The design of promotion is to increase sales of product or service by encouraging consumers to try and even purchase the product. This activity provides incentives to consumer within specific time in order to help them make decision on a variety of commodities available in the market. Brassington and Pettitt (2006:pp727) also concluded that sales promotion covered a wide variety of objectives, all of which fall into three broad categories as show in Figure 1. : communication, incentive and invitation. Figure 1 Sales Promotion objectives Despite sales promotion have different forms or definitions offered by several credible institutes and scholars, but all sales promotion instruments would be have the common typical objectives: 1) Encourage intermediaries do more sales efforts 2) Increase shelf space for products 3) Help intermediaries stock levels increasing 4) Get more support for in-store displays or other promotions 5) Gain access to new outlets 6) Counteract pressure from sales downturns or competitor actions 7) Improve communication with, or education of, intermediaries For every marketers or producers, it is essentially important for them to understand, which promotion techniques can attract and induce consumers to purchase their products respectively. In order to create better analysis of the effects of promotions, some researchers classify the sales promotion into different framing forms. Campbell and Diamond (1990) classified the sales promotion into two main types, monetary promotion and non-monetary promotion. Monetary promotions are inducement activities made through the price mechanism and comparable with product selling price such as discount and coupons. On the other hand, non-monetary promotions are inducement activities that exclude pricing element and not comparable with product selling price, i.e., free gift or premiums. Their study concluded that non-monetary promotions are theorized to be considered as gains while monetary promotions are viewed as reduced losses in terms of value perception. Experimental results showed that monetary promotions have smaller but noticeable differences than nonmonetary promotions in value. However, non-monetary promotions had broader latitudes of acceptance than monetary promotions. Because of their relatively small noticeable difference, monetary promotions may be particularly effective for transactions with limited amount of money involved. Meanwhile non-monetary promotions, which have broader latitude of acceptance, would be better for transactions that are more expensive. No matter how the sales promotion is classified, there are several ways of hypothesizing whether a particular promotion will be considered as a gain or a reduced loss in value perception. One of Thalers (1985) assumptions was that the physical or temporal separation of a rebate (monetary promotion) check from the price quotation leads to the consideration of the rebate as a gain, but he did not test that hypothesis. Price-off promotions, a monetary promotion tool, are most likely to be viewed as reduced losses in value perception and non-monetary promotions, are most likely to be framed as gains in value perception (Sawyer and Dickson, 1984). Most analytical and econometric models of sales promotions simply assume that monetary savings are the only benefit motivating consumers to respond to sales promotions (Blattberg and Neslin,1990: pp.30-100). Therefore, the determination of value perception of gains or reduced losses is depending upon which form of sales promotion would produce t he most happiness for the subject (McDonald and Christopher, 2003). 2.2.2 Sales Promotion Activities Money-off Money-off are the most recognized use of sales promotions. Money-off offers are usually designed as short-term expedient but some brands appear to run one price reduction after another, creating clear impression and expectation in peoples mind. Bonus packs Bonus packs include an extra quantity of product in the pack for no extra price increase. Banded packs These are multi-packs of the same product, or more than one product, banded together for inclusive price. Couponing Coupons are extensively used in a variety if forms and are associated with other elements of sales promotions such as money-off offers and contests. Premiums Premiums are merchandise items or services. They include free goods and services such as a free extra item of the product being purchased, a free item of some other product or free service such as entry into a leisure park. Sampling Standard or trial-sized samples of the brand are provided free or at a reduced price to encourage trial. Contests Competitions of a variety of forms are a popular sales promotional tool. Contests encourage individual customer rivals others for prizes according to their analytical or creative skills. Sweepstake Sweepstake is a method of stimulating sales in which consumer submit their names for inclusion in a draw for prizes. Sweepstakes are usually used to stimulate sales contests, and sometimes sweepstakes will combine with other sales promotion tools. Tie-in sales promotions Tie-in sales are where multiple products are involved in sales promotions. The products may be from the same company or different companies. Merchandising/ point- of sale displays/ demonstrations Those promotions are anything that entices customers to buy or take action through display and atmospherics. It includes window displays, shelf and aisle displays, the use of video, and other appeals to any of the five senses. Frequent user incentives Frequent user incentives to reward customers who take part in repeat purchases. Basically, frequent user incentives include loyalty card and trading stamps. The loyalty provides discounts or free merchandise to regular customers. Information leaflets/ packs and catalogues The primary purpose of those trade items is to be informative in explaining the range products available, and give pricing and ordering procedures. 2.3 Customer behaviour 2.3.1 Theory of Consumer Buying Behavior It is very difficult to identify the causes of consumer behaviors. People make their buying decision based on many reasons. The analysis of consumer behaviors as those acts of individual directly involved in obtaining, using, and disposing of economic goods and services, including the decision processes that precede and determine the acts. People make buying decision based on different factors. Knowledge of consumer behavior is a vital input to sales promotion activities (Blackwell et al., 2001). Between 1950 and 1960, the field of economics was the main contributor in explaining consumer behavior and economists were the first to propose a formal theory of consumer behavior (Karin, 2003). However, marketers only borrowed rather indiscriminately from social psychology, sociology or any other fields of inquiry that might relate to consumer behavior in some way. One of the outstanding models underlies the consumer behavior, Stimulus response model (Bagozzi, 1986), has been widely applied by marketing managers. According to Teunter (2002), most marketing managers find the economic model particularly lacking in its ability to suggest specific actions for influencing consumption or for anticipating specific demands of consumers (unless resulting from price actions). Most marketers or producers need guidelines that will indicate how their actions, especially the marketing mix, might actually influence consumers perception and in turn purchasing behaviors. In the stimulus-response model (Fig. 2) suggests that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumers black box and produce certain responses (Bagozzi, 1986). Hence, the challenge for marketers is to find out how the responses are generated in the black box. Notice that the marketing mix variables are not the only stimuli producing responses on the consumers but also external environmental fact ors. The stimulus-response approach is quite appealing because marketers can discover the reactions of consumers to sales promotion stimuli. Under this approach, people are represented as being buffeted by stimuli rather than freely discovering their needs and choosing among alternatives. Stimulus Buyer Black Box Consumer Response Marketing Mix Psychological Variables Reactions Product Purchase Price Activities Place Consumption Promotion Patterns External Environmental Economic, Technological, Political, Cultural Fig. 2. Stimulus-Response Model Source: Bagozzi, 1986. The central idea of the stimuli-response model is to employ marketing stimuli to influence perceived value as they affect buyer decision and intention to purchase. Sales promotion is one of the elements of marketing stimuli, this model could be very useful in explaining how and why sales promotions affect consumer behaviors through the perceived value. Usually consumers make purchase decision toward which they have a positive attitude, and avoid those, which they have, negative perception. Therefore, to make better prediction about consumers behaviors will need a better understanding about the formation of consumers perceived values (Teunter, 2002). Consumer value is very important to marketers (Fredericks and Salter,1995; Vantrappen, 1992), especially under the fierce competition in newmillennium. The concept of perceived value has recently gained its importance in the business environment as it could affect consumer behaviors, and therefore it helps provide the basis for building strategies for the marketers/producers to gain a better competitive position in a market. However, despite its strategic importance for marketing, perceived value did not receive enough investigation in the literature in agribusiness. Although the conceptualization of perceived value launched in the late 1970s, researchers just begin to give reasonable attention to its operationalization (Sweeney et al., 1997). Given the previous studies, perceived benefits, perceived price, monetary price, psychological price, and behavioral price are all associated with conceptualization of perceived value. Hence, the concept of perceived value is a multi-dimensional (Kotler and Armstrong, 1996). Studying the perceived value has become quite popular recently. There are several conceptual models on perceived value, and basically they can be grouped into two categories according to the different conceptual values. First category consists of transaction utility theory and concept theory of Grewal et al. (1998a), where they define the perceived value as two dimensions-transaction value and acquisition value. Meanwhile the second category only reviews the perceived value as a whole unit without clearly segregating the value into transaction value and acquisition value. Transaction utility theory was developed by Thaler (1985) it focuses on how people build mental code combinations of events that are assumed to make themselves as happy as possible. This principle is used to explain consumers purchase behaviors related to their preferences and the evaluation of transactions involves the acquisition utility and the transaction utility. Conceptually, the acquisition utility is a measu re of the value of the goods relative to its price, which is similar to the economic concept of consumer surplus. Transaction utility is defined as the difference between the amount paid and the internal reference price for the goods that the consumer expects to pay for. This theory leads to the evaluation of consumers tangible gains to their losses when they are offered with promotion, then the perceptions of value and purchase intention would be formed. During the purchase evaluation stage, consumer will makes the purchase decision based on the maximum perceived value or utility received from individual promotions. Thaler (1985), argues powerfully that promotions may frame as gains or losses in the value assessment. The transaction utility theory already becomes a fundamental base for many researches on the psychology of persuasion (Lichtenstein and Bearder, 1989). Grewal et al. (1998a) focused on the perceived product value and customers choice behaviors in the pre-purchase phase. They have successfully identified the value into two aspects, perceived acquisition value and perceived transaction value. Perceived acquisition value is the perceived net gains associated with the products or services acquired. That is, the perceived acquisition value of a product will be positively influenced by the benefits they are getting from acquiring and using the product. However, it will be negatively influenced by the amount of money given up to acquire the product, i.e., the sales price. On the other hand, the perceived transaction value is the perception of psychological satisfaction or pleasure obtained from taking advantage of the financial terms of the price deal. In addition, they discovered that the influence of perceived transaction value on behavioral intentions is mediated by perceived acquisition value. The perceived transaction value could enha nce consumers perceived acquisition value if the internal reference prices (the mental price scale by which a buyer judges the fairness of an actual price) are greater than the selling price. The likelihood that the buyer intends to purchase the product is positively related to overall perceptions of value. Their findings also reaffirmed the common belief that perceived quality is an important part of the value equation. Zeithaml (1988) developed a means-end model, which specified quality and value not differentiated from one another. Quality can be defined as a consumers judgment about a product or service. Zeithaml (1988) found that perceived value is defined as the consumers overall assessment of the utility of a product according to perceptions of what is received and what is given. The study stated that perceived customer value can be captured in one overall definition: value is low price, value is whatever one wants in a product, value is the quality that the consumer receives for the price paid, and value is what the consumer gets (quality) for what they give (price) respectively. The moderating variables of perceived value in this model include perceived sacrificed, the effort required to purchase, extrinsic and intrinsic attributes, and high-level abstractions. The perceived sacrificed include elements of perceived monetary price and perceived non-monetary price. Perceived monetary price is the price of a product as encoded by the consumer. Meanwhile the perceived non-monetary price is defined as the price of obtaining a product that includes the time and effort used to search for it. Both intrinsic attributes (how the product/service makes you feel) and extrinsic attributes (the reputation of the product/service) are positively related to perceived quality, while perceived monetary price is affected by objective price (actual price paid) and negatively related to the perceived quality. The result showed consumers perceptions of quality, price and value are interrelated and it will influence the willingness to purchase. In 1990, Monroe developed a framework and suggested a ratio specification, which implied that the perceived value is judged to be quality at unit price in a consumers mind. This is the outcome of the trade off between perceived benefit and perceived sacrifice. The ratio specification is defined as: Perceived value = Perceived benefit / Perceived price sacrificed The equation above, identify that perceived value, perceived benefits are positively related, and perceived price sacrificed is negatively related to perceived value. The relationship between actual price and perceived quality are positively related and negatively linked with perceived price sacrificed. The concept developed by Monroe, stated that buyers perceptions of value represents a tradeoff between the quality and benefits, they perceive in the product relative to the sacrifice they perceive by paying the price. One can reduce a products perceived monetary sacrifice by offering a price reduction on the product. Therefore, by keeping the benefits received by consumers constant, different ways of communicating promotion will lead to a purchase decision. According to Grewal et al. (1998b), integrative framework identify price, product brand and store name could influence buyers perceptions of quality, and extend to their perceived value. They identified that price discounts are likely to have a negative influence on perceptions of quality. If a consumer purchases a discounted product, they often attribute the fact that it was on discount because of poor quality, which is similar to the finding of other scholars (Blattberg and Neslin, 1990:pp.30-100). They suggested that internal reference price is influenced by price discounts, brands perceived quality and brand name. In addition, their finding supports the conclusion of other scholars that the essential components of the formation of the value perception included price, promotion and quality perception. Indeed, they also suggested the perceived quality be positively related with value perceptions. As a result, purchase intention is positively associated with perceived value as the p urchase intentions is an antecedent of the consequent purchase. Alford and Engelland (2000) applied the social judgment theory to develop the concept of value perception. Their main finding suggested that the variables influencing the formation of consumers internal reference prices be consumer perceived value and search intention. Consumer internal reference price formation is influenced by the advertised sales price (Alford and Ellgelland, 2000). They illustrated that the comparison between the advertised sales price and internal reference price is to attract consumer attention and enhance consumers value perception as well. Consumers define internal reference price as a fair price, the expected average market price, the average of recent purchase price, or the lowest acceptable price. In this sense, it would be more reasonable to view it as a range of prices. In their framework, the price range is appropriately associated with the social judgment theory developed by Sherif et al. (1973), which suggested that individuals develop latitudes of ac ceptance, rejection and non-commitment as a guideline for value evaluation. Moreover, they also realized that consumers would perceive a smaller degree of benefits of search when exposed to a plausible advertised reference price as opposed to an implausible advertised reference price. This implies that the level of purchase intention would be higher for the appropriate promotion employed. Among the studies mentioned above, only Thalers transaction utility theory (1985) and framework of Grewal et al. (1998a) have segregated the perception into two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value and defined both dimensions are inter-related. Nonetheless, most of the scholars (Zeithaml, 1988; Monroe, 1990; Grewal et al., 1998b) concept does not identify the value as two dimensions acquisition value and transaction value. The findings from previous studies suggested that perceived value is a function of perceived quality and perceived price. That is, value increases monotonically (and positively)